Fire load: An  important factor  in  establishing  the basis  for  the assessment of the fire risk  pertaining  to  any  building  is  the concept of  ‘fire load’ which  indicates  the quantity of heat liberated per unit area when  a building  and its contents are completely burnt. All occupancies/buildings,  etc.  can  be graded  according  to  their fire hazard  and  are  to  be provided  for  with  suitable fire precautions on  the basis  of  the fire load. Hence, grading of  buildings  according to both fire  load and fire resistance can be made.  The formula for  calculating  fire load  is  as  stated. Fire load = (combustibles  in kg)  x  calorific value in kcal/kg Floor area  in square meters The calculation of  the fire  load is  the basis  for the determining the classification of  the occupancies  for the fire grading  of buildings. Fire grading  of  the structures:  Structural element of  buildings  are graded  according  to  the the time  factor  which  is  nearly  equal to  but does  not exceed the test period  which  the element fulfills  its  specified requirements.   Accordingly,  all  structural elements  have been  graded  under the following  five categories  depending  upon  their  five resistance: 
Grade 1 (6 hours)
Grade 2 (4 hours)
 Grade 3 ( 2 hours)
 Grade 4 ( 1 hours)
 Grade 5 ( 0.5 hour)


Fire load

From our home to mega projects .... hammer plays a vital role.  
How many kinds of hammers are there? Actually, there are about 5, including claw, sledge, bricklayers, peen, chipping, tack, and soft faced. Maybe you can think of others. The following suggestions can help to keep you from injuring yourself or ruining the tool, no matter what kind of hammer you use.   
1. USE THE RIGHT TYPE AND SIZE HAMMER FOR THE JOB. Don't use a lightweight hammer for a heavy job. You'll work harder and increase the chances of hurting yourself or damaging the tool.   
2. STRIKE THE SURFACE SQUARELY, always using the head of the hammer and never the side. A glancing blow increases your chances of striking a finger or chipping the hammer head. Don't strike one hammer with another. Hammerheads are made of hardened steel, and pieces may chip off and fly.   
3. CONTROL THE HAMMER by holding it toward the end of the handle. Beginners have a tendency to choke up on the handle, reducing the force of the blow and making it difficult to hit the target squarely.  
4. WEAR SAFETY GLASSES to protect your eyes against flying chips when striking objects such as chisels, punches, and drills.  
5. BE SURE THE TARGET IS STATIONARY AND FIRM. This will protect him from being hit a glancing blow.  
6. KEEP HAMMERS CLEAN AND IN GOOD CONDITION. You can get into trouble by using a hammer with a loose or worn head, or one that has a cracked or broken handle.  


Faizan Farrukh

Fire load

Hammers - think safe act safe